Interpolation Based Reversible Data Hiding using Pixel Intensity Classes

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Abhinandan Tripathi
Jay Prakash

Abstract

In this article, we suggest a new interpolation technique as well as a novel Reversible Data Hiding (RDH) approach for up scaling the actual image and concealing sensitive information within the up scaled/interpolated image. This data hiding strategy takes into account the features of the Human Visual System (HVS) when concealing the secret data in order to prevent detection of the private data even after extensive embedding. The private data bits are adaptively embedded into the picture cell based on its values in the suggested hiding strategy after grouping different pixel intensity ranges. As a result, the proposed approach can preserve the stego-visual image’s quality. According to experimental findings, the proposed interpolation approach achieves PSNRs of over 40 dB for all experimental images. The outcomes further demonstrate that the suggested data concealing strategy outperforms every other interpolation-based data hiding scheme existing in use.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
Tripathi, A., & Prakash, J. (2023). Interpolation Based Reversible Data Hiding using Pixel Intensity Classes. International Journal of Next-Generation Computing, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.47164/ijngc.v14i4.1170

References

  1. Allebach, J. and Wong, P. W. 1996. Edge-directed interpolation. In Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Vol. 3. IEEE, 707–710.
  2. Bai, X., Chen, Y., Duan, G., Feng, C., and Zhang, W. 2022. A data hiding scheme based on the difference of image interpolation algorithms. Journal of Information Security and Applications 65, 103068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103068
  3. Benseddik, M. L., Zebbiche, K., Azzaz, M. S., and Sadoudi, S. 2022. Interpolation-based reversible data hiding in the transform domain for fingerprint images. Multimedia Tools and Applications 81, 14, 20329–20356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12288-2
  4. Chang, Y.-T., Huang, C.-T., Lee, C.-F., and Wang, S.-J. 2013. Image interpolating based data hiding in conjunction with pixel-shifting of histogram. The Journal of Supercomput- ing 66, 1093–1110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-013-1016-6
  5. Coatrieux, G., Pan, W., Cuppens-Boulahia, N., Cuppens, F., and Roux, C. 2012. Re- versible watermarking based on invariant image classification and dynamic histogram shift- ing. IEEE Transactions on information forensics and security 8, 1, 111–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2012.2224108
  6. Fan, M., Zhong, S., and Xiong, X. 2023. Reversible data hiding method for interpolated images based on modulo operation and prediction-error expansion. IEEE Access 11, 27290– 27302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3258461
  7. Hong, W. and Chen, T.-S. 2011. Reversible data embedding for high quality images using interpolation and reference pixel distribution mechanism. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 22, 2, 131–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2010.11.004
  8. Hu, J. and Li, T. 2015. Reversible steganography using extended image interpolation technique. Computers & Electrical Engineering 46, 447–455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2015.04.014
  9. Huang, Z., Lin, Y., and Chen, X. 2023. A block-based adaptive high fidelity reversible data hiding scheme in interpolation domain. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14389-y
  10. Jana, S., Jana, B., Lu, T. C., and Vo, T. N. 2022. Reversible data hiding scheme ex- ploiting center folding with fuzzy weight strategy. Journal of Information Security and Applications 69, 103276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103276
  11. Jung, K.-H. 2018. A survey of interpolation-based reversible data hiding methods. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, 7795–7810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5066-2
  12. Jung, K.-H. and Yoo, K.-Y. 2015a. High-capacity index based data hiding method. Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, 2179–2193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2081-4
  13. Jung, K.-H. and Yoo, K.-Y. 2015b. Steganographic method based on interpolation and lsb substitution of digital images. Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, 2143–2155.
  14. Jung, K.-H. and Yoo, K.-Y. 2015c. Steganographic method based on interpolation and lsb substitution of digital images. Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, 2143–2155.
  15. Jung, K.-H. and Yoo, K.-Y. 2015d. Steganographic method based on interpolation and lsb substitution of digital images. Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, 2143–2155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1832-y
  16. Kim, H. J., Sachnev, V., Shi, Y. Q., Nam, J., and Choo, H.-G. 2008. A novel difference expansion transform for reversible data embedding. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 3, 3, 456–465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2008.924600
  17. Kumar, R., Chand, S., and Singh, S. 2015. An efficient text steganography scheme using unicode space characters. Int. J. Forensic Comput. Sci 10, 1, 8–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5769/J201501001
  18. Kumar, R., Chand, S., and Singh, S. 2018. A reversible high capacity data hiding scheme using combinatorial strategy. International Journal of Multimedia Intelligence and Secu- rity 3, 2, 146–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIS.2018.096356
  19. Lee, C.-F. and Huang, Y.-L. 2012. An efficient image interpolation increasing payload in reversible data hiding. Expert systems with applications 39, 8, 6712–6719. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.019
  20. Lin, C.-C., Tai, W.-L., and Chang, C.-C. 2008. Multilevel reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of difference images. Pattern Recognition 41, 12, 3582–3591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2008.05.015
  21. Lu, T.-C. 2018. Interpolation-based hiding scheme using the modulus function and re-encoding strategy. Signal Processing 142, 244–259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.07.025
  22. Lu, T.-C., Chang, C.-C., and Huang, Y.-H. 2014. High capacity reversible hiding scheme based on interpolation, difference expansion, and histogram shifting. Multimedia tools and applications 72, 417–435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1369-0
  23. Malik, A., Sikka, G., and Verma, H. K. 2017a. Image interpolation based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 24107–24123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4186-4
  24. Malik, A., Sikka, G., and Verma, H. K. 2017b. An image interpolation based reversible data hiding scheme using pixel value adjusting feature. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 13025–13046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3707-5
  25. Malik, A., Sikka, G., and Verma, H. K. 2020. A reversible data hiding scheme for in- terpolated images based on pixel intensity range. Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, 18005–18031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-08691-2
  26. Malik, A., Singh, S., and Kumar, R. 2018. Recovery based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme using even-odd embedding. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, 15803– 15827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5156-1
  27. Meikap, S. and Jana, B. 2018. Directional pvo for reversible data hiding scheme with image interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, 23, 31281–31311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6203-2
  28. Mohammad, A. A., Al-Haj, A., and Farfoura, M. 2019a. An improved capacity data hiding technique based on image interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 7181–7205. Mohammad, A. A., Al-Haj, A., and Farfoura, M. 2019b. An improved capacity data hiding technique based on image interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 7181–7205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6465-8
  29. Qi, W., Zhang, T., Li, X., Ma, B., and Guo, Z. 2023. Reversible data hiding based on prediction-error value ordering and multiple-embedding. Signal Processing 207, 108956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2023.108956
  30. Ren, F., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., and Li, Q. 2023. Reversible information hiding scheme based on interpolation and histogram shift for medical images. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14300-1
  31. Shaik, A. and V, T. 2019. High capacity reversible data hiding using 2d parabolic interpolation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6544-x
  32. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 9717–9735.
  33. Shi, Y.-Q., Li, X., Zhang, X., Wu, H.-T., and Ma, B. 2016. Reversible data hiding: advances in the past two decades. IEEE access 4, 3210–3237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2573308
  34. Tang, M., Hu, J., and Song, W. 2014. A high capacity image steganography using multi-layer embedding. Optik 125, 15, 3972–3976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.01.149
  35. Wahed, M. A. and Nyeem, H. 2019. High capacity reversible data hiding with interpolation and adaptive embedding. PloS one 14, 3, e0212093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212093
  36. Wang, X.-T., Chang, C.-C., Nguyen, T.-S., and Li, M.-C. 2013. Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism. Digital Signal Processing 23, 2, 569–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2012.06.015
  37. Xiong, X., Chen, Y., Fan, M., and Zhong, S. 2022. Adaptive reversible data hiding algorithm for interpolated images using sorting and coding. Journal of Information Security and Applications 66, 103137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103137
  38. Xiong, X., Wang, L., Li, Z., Ye, C., Chen, Y., Fan, M., and Zhu, Y. 2022. An adaptive high capacity reversible data hiding algorithm in interpolation domain. Signal Processing 194, 108458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108458
  39. Zhang, X., Sun, Z., Tang, Z., Yu, C., and Wang, X. 2017. High capacity data hiding based on interpolated image. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 9195–9218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3521-0